Celebrating New Years Eve in France

Observing New Years Eve in France In France, the New Years festivity starts on the night of December 31 (le rã ©veillon of the day de l’an) and brings through January 1 (le jour de l’an). Generally, its a period for individuals to accumulate withâ family, companions, and network. New Year’s Eve is otherwise called La Saint-Sylvestre on the grounds that December 31 is the dining experience day of Saint Sylvestre. France is overwhelmingly Catholic, and as in generally Catholic or Orthodox nations, explicit days of the year are assigned to commend explicit holy people and are known as banquet days. People who share a holy people name frequently commend their namesakes feast day like a subsequent birthday. (Another prominent French gala day is La Saint-Camille, shorthand for la fã ªte de Saint-Camille. Its celebrated on July 14, which is likewise Bastille Day.) French New Years Eve Traditions There arent an excessive number of customs explicit to New Years Eve in France in any case, one of the most significant ones is kissing under the mistletoe (le gui) and checking down to 12 PM. While theres no equal to the ball dropping in Times Square, in bigger urban areas, there might be firecrackers or a procession and theres normally a major theatrical presentation on TV including France’s most renowned performers. New Years Eve is regularly gone through with companions and there might be moving included. (The French like to move!) Many towns and networks additionally arrange a ball which is regularly a dressy or costumed undertaking. At the stroke of 12 PM, members kiss each other on the cheek twoâ or four timesâ (unless they are impractically included). Individuals may likewise toss des cotillons (confetti and decorations), blow intoâ un serpentin (a decoration appended to a whistle), yell, cheer, and for the most part make a ton of commotion. What's more, obviously, the French make les rã ©solutions du nouvel a (New Years goals). Your rundown will, without a doubt, includeâ improving your French, or maybe perhaps in any event, booking an excursion to France-et pourquoi pas? French New Years Meal Theres no single food custom for the French New Years festivity. Individuals may decide to serve anything from a conventional dinner to something buffet style for a gathering yet regardless of whats being served, its sure to be a dining experience. Champagne is an unquestionable requirement, as are acceptable wine, shellfish, cheddar, and other gourmet rarities. Simply be mindful so as not to drink excessively or you may wind up with a genuine gueule de bois (aftereffect). Regular New Years Gifts in France In France, individuals dont by and large trade presents for the New Year, albeit some do. Be that as it may, its conventional to give money related presents to mailmen, deliverymen, the police, family representatives, and other assistance laborers around Christmas and the New Year. These tips are called les à ©trennes, and the amount you give changes significantly relying upon your liberality, the degree of administration you got, and your spending plan. French New Years Vocabulary Its still standard to convey New Years welcome. Commonplace ones would be: Bonne annã ©e et bonne santã © (Happy New Year and great health)Je vous souhaite une excellente nouvelle annã ©e, pleine de bonheur et de succã ¨s. (I wish you a phenomenal New Year, brimming with joy and achievement.) Different expressions youre liable to hear during New Years festivities: Le Jour de lAn-New Years DayLa Saint-Sylvestre-New Years Eve (and the dining experience day of Saint Sylvester)Une bonne rã ©solution-New Years resolutionLe repas du Nouvel A New Years mealLe gui (articulated with a hard G ee)- mistletoeDes confettis-confettiLe cotillon-a ballLes cotillons-party oddities, for example, confetti and streamersUn serpentin-a decoration appended to a whistleGueule de bois-hangoverLes à ©trennes-Christmas/New Years Day present or gratuityEt pourquoi pas?- And why not?

BDM midterm Essay Example for Free

BDM midterm Essay Ralph Edmund adores steak and potatoes. In this way, he has chosen to go on a consistent eating regimen of just these two nourishments for every one of his dinners. Ralph understands this isn't the most advantageous eating regimen, so he needs to ensure that he eats the correct amounts of the two nourishments to fulfill some key healthful necessities. He has gotten the accompanying nourishing and costs information. The Oak Works is a family claimed business that makes hand created lounge area tables and seats. They acquire the oak from a nearby tree ranch, which ships them 2500 pounds of oak every month. Each table uses 50 pounds of oak while each seat utilizes 25 pounds of oak. The family constructs all the furniture itself and has 480 hours of work accessible every month. Each table or seat requires 6 hours of work. Each table nets Oak Works $400 in benefit, while each seat nets them $100 in benefit. Since seats are frequently sold with tables they need to deliver at any rate twice the same number of seats as tables. Equation a straight program to amplify benefit.

Essay Sample Will Paper Books Disappear

Essay Sample Will Paper Books Disappear The modern world has dramatically changed in the past 100 years. Just imagine that at the beginning of the previous century almost none had free access to the printed books. Moreover, the rate of illiteracy was so high that there was no actual need of printing thousands of copies of one and the same book. But the situation has changed, and after the WWII the books became easily accessible, the education became easily achievable both for men and women, and the reading society started to grow. At the end of the century, the number of printed books has beaten all the records. Still, it did not take long, as the modern devices started to appear. In Are Books Becoming Obsolete essay, we are going to analyse whether the situation changed so critically that today there is no need in printing books and it’s enough to have .txt and .pdf formats of books. Printed Books vs E-books: Who Will Survive? In a technological world where electronic devices have already become an inevitable part of our lives, and the problem of printed books drives even more attention. Will books disappear or they will last forever? Do we actually need to print books if people do not buy them but read their electronic versions? These are not the easiest questions to answer, but they worth consideration. Book lovers will admit that extinction of printed books is impossible. However, many will state that printed books will disappear soon, as today electronic devices can easily replace them. Both of them have a point. Millions of people all over the world will give everything for a new printed edition of their favourite novel whilst millions of people will prefer to buy Kindle version on Amazon. The opinions about the future of books in the digital age differ, and each side has powerful arguments. Book lovers will prove that one of the better feelings is when you buy a new book, touch the pages, and feel the smell. There is some magic in all this indeed. This magic makes us buy books even though we may download them online. They have an answer to the question are printed books a thing of the past, and that is no. There are many collectors among the book lovers, and for them printed editions is a business. Advantages and Disadvantages of Papers and Electronic Books Those who prefer electronic gadgets would say that the future of printed books is determined. They will not disappear totally, but their number will reduce significantly. They do believe that in the age of technology books are obsolete as it is more convenient to use only one gadget in order to: carry all information, download books, read books, make bookmarks, have Wi-Fi access, etc. Besides, e-books are less harmful to nature, especially when it comes to deforestation problem. During can eBooks replace paper books debate, it may seem that printed books should disappear, but the truth is that e-books also have a huge number of disadvantages. First of all, they are more harmful to health. This problem becomes even more severe is a person uses not e-books, but smartphones and laptops for reading. Another argument is that people and kids perceive information better by reading printed books, not the electronic ones. Electronic books do reduce the reading comprehension, so if we try to answer the question should eBooks replace textbooks in schools, the answer would be no. Moreover, the studies show that kids get more distracted when using e-books and remember less information than when they read printed ones. Therefore, parents should still give preference to the printed books rather than to electronic ones. Will eBooks replace printed books in the future? It is still a huge question. But taking into consideration all pros and cons of printed and electronic books, we may come to the conclusion that their number may and should reduce, but electronic books should not totally replace printed ones, especially when it comes to education and kids. In this printed books vs ebooks essay, we covered the basic arguments that traditional book lovers and gadget admirers use, made use of the studies conducted by scientists, and this information helped us to become a little bit closer to giving the answer to the main question. Printed books should exist, and e-books should exist as well, as both of them have their advantages and disadvantages, lovers and haters.

Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Frankenstein - 1111 Words

Coleridge s Rime of the Ancient Mariner tells the story of an ancient mariner who kills an albatross and brings upon himself and his ship s crew a curse. The ancient mariner travels the world, unburdening his soul, telling his story to whomever needs to hear it. Shelley alludes to the poem several times. Robert Walton in Frankenstein is similar to the Wedding Guest from Rime of the Ancient Mariner, with Victor Frankenstein playing the role of the mariner. As the mariner feels compelled to share his story to one who needs to hear it, so does Victor. The explicit theme in Rime of the Ancient Mariner, that love conquers all, is a clue as to how the tragedy that occurs in Frankenstein s life could have been avoided. Mary†¦show more content†¦The very deep did rot: O Christ! That ever this should be! Yes, slimy things did crawl with legs Upon the slimy sea (Coleridge pt. II, st. 9). This quote shows The Mariner s outlook on nature in the beginning of the poem. The Mariner refers to the creatures of the sea as slimy things, which obviously has a negative connotation. However, once Coleridge teaches his character the lesson of the inherent beauty in nature, the Mariner learns that all creatures are beautiful. In Shelley s piece, which also has this theme, it seems that Frankenstein really never learns this lesson, while the creature does seem to grasp this concept. I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts (Shelley 79). This quote shows Shelley s theme of how devastating the consequences can be for one single unthinking act. Obviously, Victor s single unthinking act was his creation of the creature. When he made this creature, there is no way that he thought he would kill two of his closest loved ones, and later kill more. However, it happened and Shelley is showing us how devastating the effects can be. Similarly, in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The Mariner also suffers for a single, unthinking act. His act was the killing of the albatross. He paid for it in more than one way. First, he was sent to a Life-in-Death, then after heShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner 1131 Words   |  5 Pagesin Frankenstein and The Rime of The Ancient Mariner Henry Wadsworth once said: â€Å"Every man has his secret sorrows which the world knows not; and often times we call a man cold when he is only sad.† Such untold sorrows are what plague two very distinct characters in two very distinct works of literature. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein tells of Victor Frankenstein’s torment as he is plagued by his creation; Samuel Coleridge’s The Rime of The Ancient Mariner is the sinister tale told by a mariner burdenedRead MoreSimilarities Between The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner And Frankenstein1458 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, it has similarities to Frankenstein with structure. In Frankenstein, through careful reading, it is shown how The Rime of the Ancient Mariner has influenced Mary Shelley’s novel. The structure of both the novel and the poem are situated similarly. As well as the end of the novel is similar to the poem. The structure of Frankenstein is laid out to follow The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Also the poem has significance to each character in the novel, Walton his loveRead MoreEssay on Comparison: Frankenstein The Rime of the Ancient Mariner1680 Words   |  7 Pagestale upon the wedding-guest, make narration itself fundamental (as it is in Frankenstein)† (Dr. Michael Rossington) Therefore, this essay will talk about the different narrators found in both literary works and its narrative structure. Mary Shelley and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are two recognized writers of the Romantic era. The influence of Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere is reflected in Shelley’s Frankenstein in terms of narrative structure, literary techniques and themes. For exampleRead MoreThe Mysteries Of Udolpho, Frankenstein, And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1249 Words   |  5 Pagesfall fashions and the propriety of social actions? Pre-dash, the elements of Gothic fiction permeate and resonate throughout the Romantic era and are included in analysis of many such fiction and prose. The Mysteries of Udolpho, Frankenstein, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, etc. display said aspects and can be considered works of true Gothic horror. Emily St. Aubert (from Udolpho) acts in the Gothic fashion when, examining the secret chambers of the deceased Marchioness, she witnesses the supernaturalRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1634 Words   |  7 Pagespublication in 1818, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has been translated into over 28 languages and sold millions on millions of copies (Anonymous). The immense popularity largely stems from the novel’s connections to literary schools of criticism and several other written pieces. Specifically, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein intertwines with feminist criticism and directly compares to the Genesis creation story, as well as Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† When on the topic of feministRead MoreThe Romantic Movement Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein, And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1909 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein: Romanticism The novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, demonstrates many different romantic ideals such as, the adoration of nature, extreme location, nationalism and exaggeration of emotions. The romantic movement was in response to the reason and logic dominated enlightenment era. Frankenstein, contrary to the enlightenment, demonstrates romanticism through glorifying one’s feelings and straying from the classroom towards nature. Shelley’s ideals paralleled that of: Edmund Burke, JeanRead MoreContent and Theme of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Rivaled to Samuel Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner974 Words   |  4 PagesContent and theme of Frankenstein rivaled to Rime of the Ancient Mariner English novelist Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and English poet Samuel Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner share very closely tied themes respectively in their own literary worlds. Through both novel and poem, in the eyes of each Victor Frankenstein and the Mariner three themes recur within. Knowledge, Frankenstein is addicted to knowledge in younger pursuits. The Mariner is cursed on the spread of knowledge of hisRead MoreCompare and contrast the Frankenstein novel and Coleridges rime of the ancient mariner in terms of narrative voice, theme and literary techniques1558 Words   |  7 Pageswriters are unique in many ways. The profound influence of Coleridges The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere is reflected in Shellys Frankenstein in terms of narrative structure, themes and literary techniques. This essay will compare and contrast the Frankenstein extract and the poem, The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere in three aspects, namely the narrating voice, the themes and the literary techniques used. In the Frankenstein passage, Victors creation, the creature, is the narrator. Here, a framedRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Coleridge and his friend, William Wordsworth, put together a collection of their work called Lyrical Ballads. It contained Coleridge’s famous poem Rime of the Ancient Mariner. This collection is widely recognized as the initiation of the shift towards modern poetry and British Romantic literature. Although the poem’s deliberate use of antiquated language differed from romantic poetry’s use of modern languageRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1669 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and â€Å"The Rime of The Ancient Mariner† there are many instances where metacognitive thinking and knowledge are discussed and presented. The word metacognition comes from the root word meta whic h means beyond. The word metacognition can take many forms including knowledge and when or how to use certain strategies to learn or be used to solve problems. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein we see metacognitive thinking throughout mainly through victor and the creature

List of French to English False Cognates

One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. However, there are also a great many faux amis, or false cognates, which look similar but have different meanings. This is one of the biggest pitfalls for students of French. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.This alphabetical list (newest additions) includes hundreds of French-English false cognates, with explanations of what each word means and how it can be correctly translated into the other language. To avoid confusion due to the fact that some of the words are identical in the two languages, the French word is followed by (F) and the English word is followed by (E).Fabrique (F) vs Fabric (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fabrique (F) is a factory. De bonne fabrique means good workmanship.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fabric (E) is equivalent to tissu or à ©toffe. When speaking fi guratively, e.g., the fabric of society, the French word is structure.br/>Facilità © (F) vs Facility (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facilità © (F) means ease, easiness, ability, or aptitude.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facility (E) is a semi-false cognate. It usually refers to a structure that serves a particular function, although it can mean easiness, aptitude, etc.Faà §on (F) vs Fashion (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faà §on (F) means way, as in voilà   la faà §on dont il procà ¨de - this is the way he does it. It can be translated by fashion when it is synonymous with way or manner, as in à   ma faà §on - in my fashion / my way.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fashion (E) is a style or custom, usually in clothing: mode or vogue. For all of you apple pie eaters out there, now you know that à   la mode really means in fashion.Facteur (F) vs Factor (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facteur (F) is a semi-false cognate. In addition to factor, it can mean postman, mailman, or maker - un facteur de pianos - piano maker.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Factor (E) un facteur, un à ©là ©ment, un indice.Fastidieux (F) vs Fastidious (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fastidieux (F) means tedious, tiresome, or boring  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fastidious (E) means attentive to detail or exacting: minutieux, mà ©ticuleux, tatillon.br/>Fendre (F) vs Fend (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fendre (F) means to split or to chop.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fend (E) is se dà ©brouiller, to fend off means parer or dà ©tourner.Figure (F) vs Figure (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Figure (F) is a semi-false cognate. It is the French word for face, but can also refer to an illustrated or mathematical figure.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Figure (E) refers to numbers chiffres as well as to the form of a persons body: forme, silhouette.File/Filer (F) vs File (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  File (F) is a line or queue. Filer (F) means to spin (e.g., cotton or thread) or to prolong.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  File (E) can refer to une lime (as well as the verb limer), un dossier, or un classeur (and the v erb classer).Film (F) vs Film (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Film (F) refers to a movie.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Film (E) can mean un film as well as la pellicule.Finalement (F) vs Finally (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finalement (F) means eventually or in the end.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally (E) is enfin or en dernier lieu.Flemme (F) vs Phlegm (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flemme (F) is an informal word for laziness. Its commonly used in the expressions avoir la flemme (Jai la flemme dy aller - I cant be bothered to go) and tirer sa flemme - to loaf about.br/>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phlegm (E) la mucosità ©.Flirter (F) vs Flirt (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flirter (F) may mean to flirt or to go out with/date someone.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flirt (E) is flirter or, informally, draguer.Fluide (F) vs Fluid (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluide (F) can be a noun: fluid, or an adjective: fluid, flowing, flexible. Il a du fluide - He has mysterious powers.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluid (E) means fluide or liquide.Fond (F) vs Fond (E)     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fond (F) is a noun: bottom or back.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fond (E) is an adjective: to be fond of - aimer beaucoup, avoir de laffection pour.Football (F) vs Football (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football (F) or le foot, refers to soccer (in American English).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football (E) le football amà ©ricain.Forcà ©ment (F) vs Forcefully (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forcà ©ment (F) means inevitably or necessarily.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forcefully (E) can be translated by avec force or avec vigueur.Forfait (F) vs Forfeit (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forfait (F) is a fixed, set, or all-inclusive price; a package deal; or, in sports, a withdrawal.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forfeit (E) as a noun indicates un prix, une peine, or un dà ©dit.Formation (F) vs Formation (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formation (F) refers to training as well as formation/forming.br/>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formation (E) means formation or crà ©ation.Format (F) vs Format (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Format (F) means size.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Format (E) as a noun refers to prà ©sentation; as a verb it means formater or mettre en forme.Formel (F) vs Formal (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formel (F) usually means categoric, strict, or definite, but may be translated by formal in linguistics, art, and philosophy.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formal (E) officiel or cà ©rà ©monieux.Formidable (F) vs Formidable (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formidable (F) is an interesting word, because it means great or terrific; almost the opposite of the English. Ce film est formidable  ! - This is a great movie!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formidable (E) means dreadful or fearsome: The opposition is formidable - Lopposition est redoutable/effrayante.Fort (F) vs Fort (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fort (F) is an adjective: strong or loud as well as a noun - fort.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fort (E) refers to un fort or fortin.Four (F) vs Four (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four (F) is an oven, kiln, or furnace.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four (E) quatre.Fourniture (F) vs Furniture (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fourniture (F) means supplying or provision. Its from the verb fournir: to supply or provide.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furniture (E) refers to meubles or moblier.Foyer (F) vs Foyer (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foyer (F) can mean home, family, or fireplace as well as a foyer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foyer (E) is un foyer, un hall, or un vestibule.fraà ®che (F) vs fresh (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fraà ®che (F) is the feminine form of the adjective frais, which means both fresh and cool. So this tends to be problem for native French speakers, who often translate boissons fraà ®ches as fresh drinks, when what they really mean is cool drinks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fresh (E) frais, rà ©cent, nouveau.Friction (F) vs Friction (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friction (F) can refer to a massage in addition to friction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friction (E) la friction.Fronde (F) vs Frond (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fronde (F) is a sling, slingshot, or catapult; a revolt; or a frond.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frond (E) une fronde or une feuille.Front (F) vs Front (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Front (F) means front as well as forehead.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Front (E) le front or avant.Futile (F) vs Futile (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Futile (F) can mean futile but is more likely to be frivolous or trivial.br/>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Futile (E) is nearly always translated by vain.

Types of Reinforcement Free Essays

People have been using the theory of reinforcement even though they have not properly studied this theoretical concept. They have been employing this theory to strengthen the response for a particular stimulus or environmental event (Huitt and Hummel). Reinforcement theory generally states that the frequency of eliciting the same response will likely increase if it is followed by a reinforcer. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Reinforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The probability of repeating the same behavior in the future is dependent on what occurs after the individual engages in that behavior (Malala, et al. ). There are four types of reinforcement. Each type of reinforcement is distinguished by the kind of stimulus presented after the response. In positive reinforcement, for instance, a positive stimulus is presented after a certain response to increase the frequency of that response of behavior (Malala, et al. ,; Huitt and Hummel). The positive stimulus usually comes in the form of rewards. Positive reinforcement has been used in school settings to reinforce positive attitude towards studying. For example, academic awards such as medals and certificates are given to students who excel academically or in a certain field such as sports. While the previous example used a tangible positive reinforcer, it could also be intangible. To cite an example, according to Kobus and her associates (48), the praise, support, and encouragement of teachers and significant others (e. g. , parents) motivate grade school students to work hard and increase their self-efficacy (i. e, confidence in one’s capability). Positive reinforcement has often been used by parents as well. They reward their children with a reinforcer such as money for their hard work in school or for cleaning their room. The concept has also been applied by companies for their employees. Salary increase and promotion, for example, are awarded to hardworking employees for their outstanding performance. On the other hand, in negative reinforcement, the reinforcer, which is something negative, is withdrawn after the response. Repetition of this phenomenon will increase the occurrence of the response. This is usually observed when a person wants to avoid the negative reinforcer (Huitt and Hummel). For instance, children obey the house rules so that their parents will not get mad at them. In this example, the negative reinforcer is the anger of the parents while the response is the obedience of children. At work, employees meet their requirements and deadlines to avoid being reprimanded by their boss. Most people think that negative reinforcement and punishment is the same, which is a misconception. While negative reinforcement elicits a positive response due to the removal of the negative reinforcer after the response, punishment lessens the frequency of a response or behavior by presenting a negative stimulus after the response (Huitt and Hummel). Punishment has been used at home, in school, and in the workplace. For example, at home, parents ground their children when they do not come home at the time agreed. In school, punishment is imposed to discipline students. A simple example of this is reprimanding noisy students for disrupting the class. Punishment has been a system adopted in schools in the form of disciplinary policies where punishment for specific types of school offense are indicated (Gaustad 3). In the workplace, an example of punishment could be reducing the salary of employees when they do not report to the office without filing a leave. As punishment, they will not be paid for the days they did not come to work. The fourth type of reinforcement is extinction. In extinction, the frequency of a response or behavior is weakened when the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is removed (Huitt and Hummel). To cite an example, in the field of psychology, extinction learning has been used in treating disorders such as anxiety disorder. The goal of the treatment is to extinguish fear by teaching the patients that the stimulus they fear no longer results in harmful consequences (Anderson and Insel 319). For instance, the patient is exposed to a previously feared event associated with an unpleasant outcome to get him or her accustomed to the event until he or she does not fear it anymore. Extinction can also occur in a corporate setting. When a company stops giving bonuses to hardworking employees, they may lose motivation to work hard, resulting in a decline in productivity. Based on the examples stated earlier, it could be concluded that reinforcement affects the behavior of individuals, children and adults alike. Reinforcement can either increase or decrease the frequency of a certain behavior depending on the stimulus or reinforcer presented (or removed) after the behavior. Hence, it could be inferred that behavior can be modified according to the pleasantness of the reinforcement that can be experienced for doing a certain behavior. For example, an individual’s positive or desired behavior can be maintained with positive or negative reinforcements, while his negative or unwanted behaviors can be extinguished through punishment or extinction. How to cite Types of Reinforcement, Papers

Egyptian Poetry Essay Example For Students

Egyptian Poetry Essay Poetry is the art of crafting beautiful words into something tangible that expresses the authors meaning. For most poetry, this entails using different literary devices and elements to enrich the language of the poem. These help to portray the Image the author wants to share with their audience, while making the poem something that Is beautiful. Throughout poetrys history, different authors have utilized different devices In order to achieve this ultimate poetic goal. Ancient Egyptian poetry, for example, employed several different methods. From their love poetry to their elisions hymns, Egyptian poetry was eloquent and beautiful. This enabled it to withstand the test of time and still be recognized thousands of years later. By examining the literature of Ancient Egypt, we can better understand and appreciate the beauty of poetic devices and how they make poetry last for generations. Egyptian poetry consists of several different genres, each utilizing different methods to bring their poetry to life. The first we will examine, religious poetry, is filled with Imagery that brings the mystical to reality. In the glorious Hymn to the Sun ND the Elided Hymns, Imagery plays a crucial role. The poems are filled with pictures of another world, a fantastical one that Is unknown to the Egyptians. A beautiful picture Is painted of the world of the gods, Illuminating something that can not visibly be seen. These poems are so effective at striking awe into the hearts of men due to the incredible view that they put before us. For this reason, these poems are still well-known thousands of years later. Although these poems were written on a grand scale, they are also linked back to the reality that the Egyptians knew. For example, in the Hymn to the Sun by Generate, the image he paints of the underworld is connected to reality by its link to the Nile Rivers . The poem brings the tangible world to connect with the fantastical world of the gods. By using this literary device, the author enables us to envision his dream world as reality. It Is not so completely far-fetched that we cannot suspend our disbelief. Another genre of Egyptian poetry that we can examine Is that of love poetry. Although It shares a few things In common with religious poetry, these love poems mind their strength in their reliability. Unlike the religious poetry, the love poems of the Egyptians do not paint a beautiful picture of a world we only see in our imagination. Rather, they tell us a story that we can relate to. These poems seem almost like diary entries, as they are filled with all of the passion, wonder, and truth that comes from love. Some of them are not as serious as others, which also lends to their reliability. T he poems find their strength in being normal, as opposed to being fantastical like the religious poetry. One of the reasons which causes these poems to last for so long is the timelessness of the stories they share. Like mentioned earlier, they almost seem Like journal entries. These love poems are very personal thoughts of real individuals both men and women. They share simple, honest stories of what love Is really like, from simple crushes to flirtation and beyond. These stories translate well Into efficiently. Although these two genres of Egyptian poems are so different, they share the ability to communicate well. The love poems utilize the normal and true to reach their audience, while the religious poems paint a brilliant picture of a world unknown to us, while connecting it to the reality that we do know. By using these methods, the authors of these poems are able to connect with their audience and communicate their stories. Authors throughout the ages have utilized these and many other methods to communicate their vision to their audience. By using these techniques, the Ancient Egyptians made their poetry accessible to generations upon generations of people.

MASTERPIECES OF WESTERN MUSIC IN CLASS QUIZ #4 Flashcard

MASTERPIECES OF WESTERN MUSIC IN CLASS QUIZ #4

The Applications of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

The Applications of the Theory of Planned Behaviour Introduction The focus of this paper is on research evidence supporting the applications of the theory of planned behaviour in several ways and in different circumstances. The theoretical and empirical evidence that supports the inclusion of six variables in the theory of planned behaviour is analysed. It is the aim of the paper to approach the model on the premises of two avenues, which are supported by the six variables.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Applications of the Theory of Planned Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theory selected The theory of planned behaviour initially emerged as the theory of reasoned behaviour with an aim of predicting a person’s intention to engage in a particular attitude at a specific place and time. The central component of this model is based on intent. It is important to note that intentions are influenced by the attitude on the probability that the particular attitude will have the anticipated results and the subjective assessment of the benefits and risks of that result. Essentially, the theory outlines how attitudes predict human attitudes (Dainton Zelley, 2010). Indeed, the theory explains that human behaviour is a product of three basic guidelines. The first one is people’s attitude towards the behaviour, which is whether individuals have a negative or positive perception of the particular behaviour. The second guideline regards people’s view of the attitudes and social pressure to act or not to act the behaviour. Finally, the third guideline encapsulates the individuals’ belief on how hard or easy it is to act or perform the behaviour. The model has been utilised successfully to forecast and explain a diverse range of certain health behaviours and intentions such as drinking, smoking, substance abuse, health services utilisation and many more (Feng, 2007). Research Questions Based on the above factors, this pa per attempts to clarify the following research questions whose solutions will help in discerning the true meaning and applicability of the theory of planned behavior: How accurately should prior/past behaviour be modelled in order to raise the predictive strength of the theory of planned behaviour? What roles do past behaviours play in modeling the framework of the theory of planned behaviour? Is the model supported by some strategies that are adopted in analysing data? Could some approaches used in processing data be extended to have features of the behavioural model? Evidence Gathered Numerous tests that have been carried out on the effectiveness of the behaviour platform have presented substantial evidence for the predictive validity of intentions. Numerous meta-analytic reviews such as the applicability of the theory in the context of social or health behaviour have highlighted this relationship.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, several meta-analyses have confirmed the applicability of this theory in general, but the question still emerges on whether the demonstrated variations in behaviour are good enough since large percentages (72%) in variances remain unexplained. It would be essential to know the degree of impact of intentions on attitudes of people. Thus, what determines how accurately intentions influence behaviour? This could be approached using two considerable aspects. Firstly, the conditions that generally underlie the predictive power of the theory, and secondly, the concrete determinants of intentions and behaviour beyond the aspects of the standard model (Dainton Zelley, 2010). An example of the application of the theory of planned behaviour is a person harbouring a goal to sell, for example, $50,000 worth of products in one month over a given media platform. If such an individual believes that they can achieve that go al and bear a positive attitude and immense confidence in the effectiveness of the selected media outlet, then they will most likely succeed. If this person does not believe that they can succeed or if they bear a negative attitude on the goal at hand, then his or her behaviour is likely to reflect such perceptions and such individuals will most likely fail to achieve their targets. This differs substantially from the self-perception theory since the latter states that behaviour begets an attitude (Huang and Chuang, 2007). On the other hand, it has been noted that the theory of planned behavior explains that attitude causes the behavior. For example, a person could have negative perceptions towards a part of his or her job, but such a person may still desire to do well and perform their assigned tasks well so that they can keep their job (Feng, 2007). Analysis of the Information Gathered The information above highlights very important aspects with regard to the planned behaviour mod el. It is apparent that persons could be influenced to make decisions on the premises of two mental events. These are the events that are important in high level cognition and low level cognition (Nabi Kremar, 2006). It is important to note the differences between the two methods of processing mental information. These are heuristic and deliberate events. In addition, the results indicate that there could be a correlation between intentions and attitudes with regard past behaviours. It is worth noting that best predictions of behaviour can be made using intentions, which greatly differ among persons (Hartmann, 2012; Loewenstein Lerner, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Applications of the Theory of Planned Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The model of planned behaviour is an improvement of the theory of reasoned action, which has generated a lot of consideration in the field of social psychology . The two approaches of behaviour have important applications in explaining the impact of motivation and past information on people. In addition, they imply that individuals make informed decisions based on the careful considerations that are determined by information. This can be presented diagrammatically as shown in appendix 1. How It Could Be Done Differently It appears necessary to present a clear distinction on the two concepts that have been explained above. The above research argues that the deliberative and the heuristic information processing models characterise the theory of planned behaviour. It would be important to include more research questions in future studies so that more data would be collected and analysed. In addition, future studies could be done differently by focusing on the impact of social norms and attitudes that vary among individuals. Conclusion It is apparent that the planned behavior model has important social implications that have diverse applicatio ns with regard to the study of human behaviour. In fact, the usefulness of the approach is supported by scientific data and results. The limitations that have been noted in the applicability of this theory suggest that there is room for more research on certain key areas such as moral norms, self-identity, belief salience, and affective beliefs. Although the model has diverse applications, it has been shown that it is best applied in situations that are characterised by high levels of opportunities and motivation. Thus, in situations where any of the parameters could be absent, there could be a high likelihood of behaviour being impacted by cognitive functions of individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Dainton, M. Zelley, E. (2010) Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life: A Practical Introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Feng, H (2007). An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Support Provision Communication Behaviors across Cultures. Michigan, MI: Pro-Quest Hartmann, T (2012). Media Choice: A Theoretical and Empirical Overview. London, United Kingdom: Routledge Huang, E. and Chuang, M. (2007). Extending the theory of planned Behavior as a Model to explain post-merger employee behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 247-257. Loewenstein, G. Lerner, J. (2003). The role of effect in decision-making. Handbook of Affective Sciences, 621-642. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Nabi, R. Kremar, M. (2006). Conceptualizing media enjoyment as attitude: Implications for mass media effects research. Communication Theory, 4(14), 294-308. Appendix A flow chart diagram representing the various aspects of the planned behavior mo del.

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summary - Article Example luating these anomia studies to focus on the efficacy of treatment depending on moderator variables such as aphasia type, severity, therapy frequency, total amount of therapy hours and number of trained items. The effect size was calculated to represent the gains made for all participants confrontational naming tasks as follows: D= (Mpost tx-Mpre tx)/SDpre tx. Further, the unbiased effect of the study was calculated as follows: Unbiased d= (1-(3/ (4*total n)-9))*d. The pre- and post-measures were categorized within studies to evaluate moderator variables such as type of aphasia, Aphasia severity, number of sessions per week and total number of therapy hours (excluding the number of sessions). To assist control for confounding variables, the effect sizes were separated for trained vs. untrained/unexposed/unrelated words. In addition, the follow-up measures were eliminated. From the experiment that was conducted, effect sizes were based on small number of studies and frequently showed a high standard deviation. The results revealed the

Samsung Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Samsung Singapore - Essay Example The strategies, projections, and future scenarios of the company are significantly reliant on the tastes, decisions, views, and preferences of the customers. A close attention to the changes in customers’ preferences and opinions is important for the survival of the business. In order to have a competitive advantage Samsung must invest in continuous research practices and maintain feedback mechanisms through social media. This would help the company to carry out necessary changes in line with the market realities. Companies in the telecommunication industry in Singapore have developed strategies for retaining both high-level and low-level clientele through promotions and improved customer care services. Suppliers In the past Samsung has had to contend with the bargaining power of suppliers. Few suppliers operate on the level of standards that meet Samsung thresholds of value. There have been tendencies of these suppliers to use their privileged positions to make arbitrary chan ges in prices, which affect the operations of Samsung precisely because there are no suitable substitutes for the products. In order to survive such eventualities, Samsung would have to cultivate positive working relations with the suppliers or enter into long-term contracts that have the element of stability. This would impact positively on the growth of the company. Economics and Geography Economic and geographical factors have had some significant impact on the performance of Samsung Singapore in the previous financial periods. The growth of the country’s economy has had significant impacts on Samsung Singapore. For instance, the tourism industry and the information and technology sectors have experienced significant growth in the past decade. One of the...56). However, new market realities have emerged demanding some changes in the way, which companies operate their businesses in. Samsung Singapore will have to carry out strategic changes in its operations in order to kee p up with the pressure of competition from emerging competitors and other macro-economic forces that affect the status of the industry. In the recent past global Samsung has taken advantage of the synergies of globalization and liberalization to spur growth and positive performance (Niewwenhuizen, 2009 p. 58). The need for strategic reorganization is based on the necessity of total quality management policies within the company. Competitors The past two decades have witnessed a consistent growth of stiff competition on the mobile telephone sub-sector in Singapore. Favourable government regulation policies and the policies of liberalization are some of the external factors that contribute to the competitive factor on the market. In order to survive, many companies have engaged in promotions, expensive advertisements, and value addition services that are aimed at increasing their influence in the vast mobile telephone market. Samsung utilizes its strong revenue base and modern market practices to maintain its profile on the competitive market environment (Adekola & Sergi, 2007). Multiple strategies ranging from strategic marketing to price modulations have also ensured the growth of the company. The process of planning cuts across the various levels of the organization.

Constructivism Analysis of Chinas Rise

Constructivism Analysis of Chinas Rise China has been rising rapidly since the implication of reform and open-door policy in 1978. During the thirty years, China became the second largest economic power with $8.3 trillion GDP and growth rate of 7.8% in 2013. The income per capital is 6000$. On the political side, China has been taking actions on reform domestically and taking part in the international activities. Military, cultural as well as technology have been developed. Most important of this fact is that China consistently adopting the peaceful rise strategy which seeks a new regional structure of mutual trust, cooperation and mutual beneficial. This essay will explain Chinas rise process in Constructivism approach. Realism, liberalism and Constructivism are the three important theories of international relations. Under Realism, there is a game of super power states to survive. The rise of China is reasonable seen as a threat regarding its growing political, economic and military capabilities. Neighbour states should be cautious about the unsatisfied China (à §Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ) to transform the regional system. Liberalism argues that the increase of economic interdependence will increase of economic interdependence will decrease the likelihood of political conflicts (21111). Due to the high opportunity cost, violence could be avoided to maintain each countrys material interests. These two theories focus on visible facts in the international relations; while there is invisible factors should be highlighted. Social Constructivism is an important approach in explain international relation with a starting point of human behaviour and unconsciously follows cultural and historical norms; meanwhile, compared with other materialistic theories who regard countries are unitary actors to maximise their power, constructivists see countries as social actors that may follow both material power comparison and international rules.(32) Wendt thinks that the international structure would influences both national behaviour and identity, interest. Two important spheres should be highlighted in the ongoing international structures-the national identity and structural change for a certain region.(à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° National Identity of China In the international society (rather than international system (b1,193)), national identity is an important role for the regional security,(45) Wdent, one of the most prominent constructivists, defines identity is a property of international actors that generates motivational and behavioural dispositions'(wdent 1999,224 cited in36) and is a relatively stable, role-specific understandings and expectations about self(Wdent,1999,21 cited in 36). National identity is crucial in the international relations that matters foreign policy making as well as the interaction between Self and Other. (b1, 197) Under the constructivism view, East Asia is a society of states with various national images among which China is quite unique since it has been à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ° in so called Chinese Model for about forty years. A better understanding of Chinas national identity is based on the application of Wendts four identities categories (b2,224-233). First, corporate identity of China argues the essential properties that rarely changes. Domestically, no matter which kind of political regime is applied, government policies are deeply influenced by thousands-year Confucian morality which values harmony and prosperity(Culture Revolution from 1966 to 1976 is an exception and an extreme case in very special situation). The huge population of 1.3 billion from 56 ethnic groups and large geographic territory helps China to achieve a successful domestic market but regard domestic stability of first importance. Second, type identity is corresponding to regime type which reflects self-organising and social quality(b2,226). Stated in 1982 Constitution, http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html The Peoples Republic of Chinais a socialist state under the peoples democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. Even though the word democratic is always ignored by foreign scholars, the tight central control does not mean an arbitrary all the time, nor does it possible in the globalising process. Marxism with Chinese characters is the main doctrine (47), as a result, the so called arbitrary governance is actually a Chinese style governance based on social reality rather than the compelling aspiration from a single party, it is the lesson learned from massive history from 1959 to 1976. On economic aspect, China now is applying a two-track system of socialist plus market economy with Chinese characteristicsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ once again), which has led to huge achievements in last two decades. Chinese develop process has constructed the Beijing Consensus that draws many attention from the world. Third, the following two national identity categoriesroleà ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ…’à §Ã‚ §Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’- and collective identity are more important in this article because they are closely related to interactions with foreign countries and contribute to structural change in a long-term. Chinas rise is a continuing process, so collective identity would be discussed in the next section. Wendt (b2,227-228) argues that role identity cannot realised by oneself, but carry Others around with us in our heads. In the international society, role identity is based on the degree of interdependence†¦of Self and Others. Corresponding to the rising China, is the increasing cultural, political and economic interactions with East Asia countries. This raises the question to many countries that whether China is a status quo power. Though status quo and revisionist power are two concepts under realisms power transition theory, they are vital in constructivism by showing that how would neighbour countries identify China and to interpret their further foreign policies in the region. For this question, Chinese foreign policies such as neighbour friendly and peace-loving would make sense if there is a positive answer. However, China Threat idea, which indicates an unsatisfied and revisionist China, is also widespread and seems quite convinced. Numbers of literatures have been discussing about the problem and Johnston(49) summarised that China for now is generally a status quo power while seeking a more favourable international system in a moderate method, a revisionist situation would occur when territory dis pute and Taiwan dilemma are heavily intensified. Back to the theme of the article, a status quo power is more aligned with Chinas peace rise strategy. Wendt also find the constructive approach to describe the undergoing situation of China in East Asia. He(1999) promotes three kinds culturesHobbesian culture, Lockean culture, Kantian Culture with dominant roles of enemy, rival, and friend respectively to illustrate the tendency of an anarchic system. Since Hobbesian is naturally related to the realism theory of a hard world (b2,259) and the high level coherence in Kantian culture (there is no need for any discussion if China and other East Asian countries are already morally good friends), Kantian Culture is applicable in East Asia, furthermore, Wendt himself also agree the status quo is implicit in such culture(279). It is a shared idea for every East Asian country recognise others sovereignty, life and liberty(279),even for small countries like those ASEAN members, sovereignty and rights are recognised by others, however, there is no guarantee in East Asia that violence will disappear, especially concerning the territory disputes between China-Japan on Diaoyu Island and South China Sea Dispute. Rivalry also admits the uncertainty of Others but denied the realist approach to prepare for the worst because they are not enemies. The reactions of China and neighbour countries just reflect Wendts policy implication of Lockean culture. The avoidance of hot conflict with Japan and dispute suspend, development policy with ASEAN members are examples for behave in a status quo toward each others sovereignty and High-risk aversion(282). On the other hand, military power is still important, this is could be seen from Chinas deep-blue navy development and more frequent Japan, Philippines joint military exercise with the United States since 2010. As Wendt notes, rivals limit rather than delete violence. Projecting Chinas new identity and Changing East Asians Structure The section above has defined China as a big developing power with unique Chinese characteristics and a status quo country in the region. This kind of image would more or less provide confidence for East Asians future, as Wendt argues, even though it is too difficult to reach Kantian Culture, the situation will not go backward. In fact, China and its East Asian neighbours do put effort for a better regional system. To be specific, the constructivism task is to à §Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚  identity gap(45à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬42à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° and then promote a collective identity. à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Shared knowledge, material resources and practices are the three components of a social structure (34), this norm reflects the society is composed of both objective and subjective knowledge and more importantly, it is a dynamic process of change. Mearsheimer gave one site on the change logic how social structure effect actions by constituting actors with certain identities and interests and Wendt add another site of interaction and reproduction of structures. Wendt thinks that there is much slack in the international structure which encourages policymakers work toward peaceful change. To sum up, Identity and structural change is a matter of micro and macro level. New identity of one country would cause the collective identity change in that region, usually by way of foreign policy and interaction. This kind of common in-group identity and we-feeling would ultimately create a new regional structure. China has been projecting a new national identity since the came out of reform and open-up grand policy in 1978 when jieji douzheng à ©Ã‹Å" ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §Ãƒ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ° is replaced by à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯ and development, it is corresponding to the national political and economic development. In general ,more actions are made from the 1990s when Overseas Propaganda Department under the Party Central Committee and a new Information Office under the State Council were established, there are many white papers with subjects of human rights, environment protection published, for example 1992 Tibet — Its Ownership and Human Rights Situation, 1996 Environmental Protection in China and 1999 National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China.(40) The change from avoidance or ignoring such issues to engagement indicates that China is beginning to think about the soft power development. Cultural and media communication event is another method to promote Chinese new image and the hiring of a American firm in the 2008 Olympic Game is a case in this point. A research by Hongying Wang(à ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °shows that China’s self-conception in international affairs consist with These four national images — a peace-loving nation, victim of foreign aggression, anti-hegemonic force and developing country. Though there is still difference from others perception, this project does makes China à ©Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ in foreign affairs.(40) Good neighbour policy(41) is the core theme for East Asia. In the 1950s, though Chairman Mao had adopted leaning to one side as grand foreign policy, Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence was proposed as the main doctrine in Asian affairs especial with third world countries. During the 1990s to 2010s, the main period of Chinas rise, China adopted Deng Xiaopingsâ€Å"Tao guang yang hui, you suo zuo wei † to active defence of China’s interests†¦ and not try to be either a hegemon or challenger to one as well as to be a participant or co-builder that contribute to the construction of a New International Order.(41) After established the diplomatic relations with neighbour countries like Indonesian, Singapore and South Korea, China gradually find the importance on multilateral means for the common interests. From the late 1990s, China has been promoting the democratisation of international relations in the New international Order. Accord with Wendts emphasise of verba l communication, terms like shelve difference, common grounds, peaceful, multi-polar are frequently seen from Chinese foreign policy papers. Apart from foreign policies, China has been passion about participating in regional activities. For Southeast Asia, China formalised its interaction with Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1991, and became a regular dialogue partner in 1996 which led to ASEAN plus Three (Japan, India and China) and ASEAN plus China. Joining in China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and ASEAN Regional Forum reflects increasing economic and political interaction. For Northeast, efforts put on both bilateral relationship with Japan and South Korea, as well multilateral relations on whole region, the Six-Party Talks and the â€Å"Track II† Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) strengthen its involvement in Northeast Asian affairs(41). The effort and interaction would significantly influence the future of East Asia. Besides the huge economic gains and the general peaceful environment, on the constructivism aspect, the interactions would cause a collective identity of We in East Asia that has more confidence in dealing regional affairs peacefully. Countries are more interdependent which could be seen from the data and interaction facts above. Chinas engagement in East Asia would also create the common fate with its neighbours because it is impossible for China to escape from any international events, especially the for non-traditional security problems. Nevertheless, there is also fear of exploitation, just as skeptics judging Chinas peaceful rise is buying time, however, in the long term, the worry can be overcomed since the gain is reduced compared with a high level of interdependence and states has already internalised the collective identity at that time. (b2,349). In order to be more accepted by neighbour countries during communication, China has been working on eliminating the regime differences in proper areas. Under the principle of 1982 Constitution (socialist country led by Chinese Communist Party) and general domestic stability, more authority is distributed to local units as well as marketised several areas of economy aligned with the international market. These efforts are building the homogeneity or alikeness to other countries that China is, the same as any else, a developing country needs a peaceful environment. Homogeneity would have à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ-à ¥Ã…“ ° effect on military development which decrease the uncertainty for Chinas bullying action (even though China will never do that). The trend of a Kantian Culture in East Asia also benefits for everyone, to say that if the cooperation now is coloured with much material interests in Realism, but would change in a long period. The impact of structure on the agent could be seen from the ASEAN involvement of China in the very early stage. (32) When China became the candidate of regional hegemony, ASEAN posed a wide range of diplomatic initiatives contrary to realist way to intensify the dilemma that welcome China as a friend. Even though met many difficulties in the multilateral approach, significant achievement is undeniable. The structure change in East Asia is not as simple as we thought and we should consider the following points. First, the historical stereotype. For a big power, national identity à §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³Ã‚ » with its historical legacy.(45) Wendt (34) also notes history matters. It is quite hard to breakdown old identity and emerge new identity (b2,228) and (38) agrees it is a long-term proposal. In modern political society, the socialism China spent about forty years establish a national identity of exclusive (especially towards capitalism countries), assertiveness (both inside and outside). This situation began with Maos leaning to one side to Soviet Union in the early Cold War and à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ° in the Culture Revolution. After reform and open-up, China has been confronting with double difficulties of China Threat view in west world as well as breaking the former identity. These encourage China be intelligent in its friendly foreign policy but enhance its material power simultaneously. Second, regime differences. China as the biggest socialist country in the world, its political and economic regime is till mysterious to many countries. Though China tight center control is gradually understood and accepted based on Chinas achievements, so called none-democratic society is usually accused meeting sensitive cases, which makes it the biggest barrier for a homogeneity. On the contrary, Japan went through a better situation for its political revolution in the U.S. occupied period (45). However, this does not deny Japans other efforts of unmilitarisation, international assistance, etc. A westernised democratic regime helped it accepted easily psychologically. Based on the content above, China should keep on its process of reform domestically and externally. Peaceful rise is the only way in so that new national identity could be internalised to every countries and a co-existence East Asia is built. Conclusion The understanding of Chinas rise is a combination of realism, liberalism and constructivism. In the 2008 financial crisis, Chinas soon recovery makes it stronger economic power and the assistance for neighbour countries also contribute to a country of responsibility and kindness. Constructivism also helps explained why East Asia is generally peaceful with numbers of disputes. Apart from the economic lose in liberalism view; the shared norm of mutual trust and peace-loving plays an important role. Chinas peaceful rise strategy is the achievement made by both China itself and other countries in the region. Their transforming attitude toward China form hostility to acceptance is a core condition for Chinas proactive engagement. Finally, in the East Asian society, the entire process of Chinas rise is a Spiral Model (b1,198) that countries generate norms in the increasing interaction, and new norms and identities would result in a new regional structure that encourage the formation of interdependence, common fate and homogeneity. Even though there are obstacles, East Asian countries are à ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ towards it.

Attachment Styles Essay

What are attachment styles? There are four attachment styles, in which include secure attachment, anxious preoccupied attachment, dismissive avoidant attachment, and fearful avoidant attachment. An attachment pattern is formed during childhood and continues onto adulthood and functions as to how you form relationships. These attachment styles may change over time or stay the same, everyone has an attachment style. â€Å"Dr. Phillip Shaver and Dr. Cindy Hazan found that about 60 percent of people have a secure attachment, while 20 percent have an avoidant attachment, and 20 percent have an anxious attachment.†(Firestone, 2013) In secure attachment adults tend to be more satisfied and happy in their relationships. They give support to their partner when needed and also ask for support themselves when they need help. A relationship with secure attachment tends to be honest and equal, and both partners are independent, yet loving towards each other. â€Å"Securely attached couples don’t tend to engage in what my father, psychologist Robert Firestone, describes as a â€Å"Fantasy Bond,† an illusion of connection that provides a false sense of safety.†(Firestone, 2013). In children with a secure attachment see their parents as secure and they can independently explore the world. When an adult has an anxious attachment they are desperate to find someone to rescue or complete them. They often become clingy because they are looking for safety and security. Sometimes they start doing actions that start to drive their partner away, such as being insecure about their partner leaving them and they start being possessive. Instead of forming real love or trust they kind of just become obsessive, and form a fantasy relationship. Unlike anxious attachment adults, people with dismissive attachment tend to distance themselves from their partners and can easily turn their emotions off. Adults with a fearful attachment style are afraid from being too close or  too distant from others. Usually adults with this attachment are unstable with their emotions and find themselves in emotional storms. There moods can be easily change. This could cause a dramatic or rocky relationship and can even lead to an abusive relationship. They are afraid of being abandoned but are also afraid of getting to intimate. As I mentioned before these attachment styles you gain them from your childhood, but they can be different or change as you grow older and start forming relationships with a partner. It is important to find what your attachment style is so you can form a good relationship and aim to have a secure attachment style. If you have one of the negative attachment styles, therapy is one option to help you change your attachment. Also finding a person who has a secure attachment style you can work on developing yourself in that relationship. Sources Firestone, Lisa. â€Å"How Your Attachment Style Impacts Your Relationship.† Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist. N.p., 30 July 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. .

Sociology Investigation

The Sociological Investigation ~ These notes are taken and adapted from Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology (14th Edition). Boston: Pearson Education Inc. There are two basic requirements for sociological investigation:Know how to apply the sociological perspective or paradigms or what C. Wright Mills termed as the â€Å"sociological imagination. †Be curious and ready to ask questions about the world around you. There are three ways to do Sociology. These three ways are considered as research orientations:A. Positivist Sociology Positivist sociology studies society by systematically observing social behaviour.Also known as scientific sociology.It includes introducing terms like independent variable, dependent variables, correlation, spurious correlation, control, replication, measurement, cause and effect, as well as operationalizing a variable1.Positivist sociology requires that researcher carefully operationalize variables and ensuring that measurement is both reliable and valid.It observes how variables are related and tries to establish cause-and-effect relationships. It sees an objective reality â€Å"out there. †Favours quantitative data (e. g. data in numbers; data from surveys).Positivist sociology is well-suited to research in a laboratory.It demands that researchers be objective2 and suspend their personal values and biases as they conduct research.There are at least FOUR limitations to scientific / positivist sociology.Positivist sociology is loosely linked to the structural-functional appr oach / paradigm / perspective.B. Critical Sociology Critical sociology uses research to bring about social change. It asks moral and political questions.It focuses on inequality.Specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable (Macionis: 2012, p. 50).Personal neutrality in conducting research (Macionis: 2012, p. 50)It rejects the principle of objectivity, claiming that ALL researches are political. Critical sociology corresponds to the social-conflict approach / paradigm / perspective.C. Interpretive Sociology Interpretive sociology focuses on the meanings that people attach to their behaviour. It sees reality as constructed by people in the course of their everyday lives.It favours qualitative data (e. g. data acquired through interviews).It is well-suited to research in a natural setting.Interpretive sociology is related to the symbolic-interaction approach / paradigm / perspective. Gender and Research Gender3, involving both researcher and subjects , can affect research in five ways:Androcentricity (literally, â€Å"focus on the male†)OvergeneralisingGender blindnessDouble standardsInterference Research EthicsResearchers must consider and do the following things when conducting research:Protect the privacy of subjects / respondents.Obtain the informed consent of subjects / respondents.Indicate all sources of funding.Submit research to an institutional review board to ensure it does NOT violate ethical standards.There are global dimensions to research ethics.Before beginning research in another country, an investigator must become familiar enough with that society to understand what people there are likely to regard as a violation of privacy or a source of personal danger.Research and the Hawthorne Effect Researchers need to be aware that subjects’ or respondents’ behaviour may change simply because they are getting special attention, as one classic experiment revealed. Refer to Elton Mayo’s investig ation into worker productivity in a factory in Hawthorne, near Chicago. 3 The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male (Macionis: 2012, p. 50).The term Hawthorne Effect is defined as a change in a subject’s behaviour caused simply by the awareness that s/he is being studied. Methods: Strategies for Doing Sociological ResearchThere are the basic FOUR methods:A. Experiment This research method allows researchers to study cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables in a controlled setting.Researchers conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis, a statement of a possible relationship between two (or more variables).This research method collects mostly quantitative data.Example of an experiment: Philip Zimbardo’s â€Å"Stanford County Prison. †o Advantages Provides the greatest opportunity to specify cause-and-effect relationships. Replication of research is relatively / quite easy. Limitations Labo ratory settings have an artificial quality to it. Unless the lab environment is carefully controlled, results may be biased too.B. Survey and/or Interview This research method uses questionnaires or interviews to gather subjects’ / respondents’ responses to a series of questions.Surveys usually yield or produce descriptive findings, painting a picture of people’s views on some issues.This research method collects mostly qualitative data.Example of a survey: Lois Benjamin’s research on the effects of racism on African American men and women.She chose to interview subjects / respondents rather than distribute a questionnaire. o Advantages Sampling, using questionnaires, allows researchers to conduct surveys of large populations or a large number of people. Interviews provide in-depth responses. o Limitations Questionnaires must be carefully prepared so that the questions and instructions are clear and not confusing. Questionnaires may yield low response / r eturn rate from the target respondents. Interviews are expensive and time-consuming.C. Participant observation Through participant observation, researchers join with people in a social setting for an extended period of time.Researchers also play two roles, as a participant (overt role) and as an observer (covert role).This method allows researchers an â€Å"inside look† at a social setting.This research method is also called fieldwork.Since researchers are not attempting to test a specific hypothesis, their research is exploratory and descriptive.This participant observation research method collects qualitative data.Example of participant observation: William Foote Whyte’s â€Å"Street Corner Society. o Advantages It allows for the study of â€Å"natural† behaviour. Usually inexpensive. o Limitations Time-consuming. Replication of research is difficult. Researcher must balance role of participant and observer.D. Existing or Secondary sources Researchers analyse existing sources, data which had been collected by others.This research method is also called library research or archive research.By using existing or secondary sources, especially the widely available data by government agencies, researchers can save time and money.Existing sources are the basis of historical research. Example of using existing sources:E. Digby Baltzell’s award-winning study â€Å"Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia. † How could it be, Baltzell wondered, during a chance visit to Bowdein College in Maine, USA, that this small college had graduated more famous people in a single year than his own, much bigger University of Pennsylvania had graduated in its entire history? o Advantages Saves time, money and effort of data collection. Makes historical research possible. o Limitations Researcher has no control over possible biases in data. Data may only partially fit current research needs.

The Internet Is An Commodity For College Students

The internet is an commodity for college students, a useful source of information for many, though few people who use the internet know that google, bing, etc. only search a minor sliver of the internet for information. The rest of the internet that most people do not know about is referred to as the deep web, This Time article elaborates: â€Å"Technically the Deep Web refers to the collection of all the websites and databases that search engines like Google don t or can t index, which in terms of the sheer volume of information is many times larger than the Web as we know it.† (Grossman, Lev, et al.The Deep Web. Time 182.20 (2013): 26.) Most search engines can only see what is referred to as the Surface web as is explained on OEDb.com’s†¦show more content†¦The benefits of remaining anonymous online are evident if you are any sort of a hacker or if you are interested in any illegal activities. The deep web can only be accessed with a certain browser, in the a rticle Inside The Dark Web† Max Eddy describes this browser and how it works: â€Å"Most people take the Internet at face value, but what most of us interact with is really just a slice of the information available called the Surface Web. To get to the Dark Web we have to go deeper, away from the world of standard Web addresses and onto the anonymity network called Tor. When you click on a link in Google, you’re connected with the target information fairly directly. Someone accessing the same site while connected through Tor would have their request bounced randomly through volunteer computers called nodes before exiting Tor and arriving at the site, making their online movements much harder to track.† (Eddy, Max) If your computer is ever being hacked or monitored while on the Tor browser you can use the â€Å"get a new identity† function and your windows will be closed and the computer s IP address will be scrambled through different nodes, at the same ti me shaking any hackers and a new window will be opened. Anonymity is necessary for many reasons online but especially for certain hacktivist groups. There are vigilante activist groups that hack certain targets whether it be the government or other companies usually to expose corruption