Celebrating New Years Eve in France

Observing New Years Eve in France In France, the New Years festivity starts on the night of December 31 (le rã ©veillon of the day de l’an) and brings through January 1 (le jour de l’an). Generally, its a period for individuals to accumulate withâ family, companions, and network. New Year’s Eve is otherwise called La Saint-Sylvestre on the grounds that December 31 is the dining experience day of Saint Sylvestre. France is overwhelmingly Catholic, and as in generally Catholic or Orthodox nations, explicit days of the year are assigned to commend explicit holy people and are known as banquet days. People who share a holy people name frequently commend their namesakes feast day like a subsequent birthday. (Another prominent French gala day is La Saint-Camille, shorthand for la fã ªte de Saint-Camille. Its celebrated on July 14, which is likewise Bastille Day.) French New Years Eve Traditions There arent an excessive number of customs explicit to New Years Eve in France in any case, one of the most significant ones is kissing under the mistletoe (le gui) and checking down to 12 PM. While theres no equal to the ball dropping in Times Square, in bigger urban areas, there might be firecrackers or a procession and theres normally a major theatrical presentation on TV including France’s most renowned performers. New Years Eve is regularly gone through with companions and there might be moving included. (The French like to move!) Many towns and networks additionally arrange a ball which is regularly a dressy or costumed undertaking. At the stroke of 12 PM, members kiss each other on the cheek twoâ or four timesâ (unless they are impractically included). Individuals may likewise toss des cotillons (confetti and decorations), blow intoâ un serpentin (a decoration appended to a whistle), yell, cheer, and for the most part make a ton of commotion. What's more, obviously, the French make les rã ©solutions du nouvel a (New Years goals). Your rundown will, without a doubt, includeâ improving your French, or maybe perhaps in any event, booking an excursion to France-et pourquoi pas? French New Years Meal Theres no single food custom for the French New Years festivity. Individuals may decide to serve anything from a conventional dinner to something buffet style for a gathering yet regardless of whats being served, its sure to be a dining experience. Champagne is an unquestionable requirement, as are acceptable wine, shellfish, cheddar, and other gourmet rarities. Simply be mindful so as not to drink excessively or you may wind up with a genuine gueule de bois (aftereffect). Regular New Years Gifts in France In France, individuals dont by and large trade presents for the New Year, albeit some do. Be that as it may, its conventional to give money related presents to mailmen, deliverymen, the police, family representatives, and other assistance laborers around Christmas and the New Year. These tips are called les à ©trennes, and the amount you give changes significantly relying upon your liberality, the degree of administration you got, and your spending plan. French New Years Vocabulary Its still standard to convey New Years welcome. Commonplace ones would be: Bonne annã ©e et bonne santã © (Happy New Year and great health)Je vous souhaite une excellente nouvelle annã ©e, pleine de bonheur et de succã ¨s. (I wish you a phenomenal New Year, brimming with joy and achievement.) Different expressions youre liable to hear during New Years festivities: Le Jour de lAn-New Years DayLa Saint-Sylvestre-New Years Eve (and the dining experience day of Saint Sylvester)Une bonne rã ©solution-New Years resolutionLe repas du Nouvel A New Years mealLe gui (articulated with a hard G ee)- mistletoeDes confettis-confettiLe cotillon-a ballLes cotillons-party oddities, for example, confetti and streamersUn serpentin-a decoration appended to a whistleGueule de bois-hangoverLes à ©trennes-Christmas/New Years Day present or gratuityEt pourquoi pas?- And why not?

BDM midterm Essay Example for Free

BDM midterm Essay Ralph Edmund adores steak and potatoes. In this way, he has chosen to go on a consistent eating regimen of just these two nourishments for every one of his dinners. Ralph understands this isn't the most advantageous eating regimen, so he needs to ensure that he eats the correct amounts of the two nourishments to fulfill some key healthful necessities. He has gotten the accompanying nourishing and costs information. The Oak Works is a family claimed business that makes hand created lounge area tables and seats. They acquire the oak from a nearby tree ranch, which ships them 2500 pounds of oak every month. Each table uses 50 pounds of oak while each seat utilizes 25 pounds of oak. The family constructs all the furniture itself and has 480 hours of work accessible every month. Each table or seat requires 6 hours of work. Each table nets Oak Works $400 in benefit, while each seat nets them $100 in benefit. Since seats are frequently sold with tables they need to deliver at any rate twice the same number of seats as tables. Equation a straight program to amplify benefit.

Essay Sample Will Paper Books Disappear

Essay Sample Will Paper Books Disappear The modern world has dramatically changed in the past 100 years. Just imagine that at the beginning of the previous century almost none had free access to the printed books. Moreover, the rate of illiteracy was so high that there was no actual need of printing thousands of copies of one and the same book. But the situation has changed, and after the WWII the books became easily accessible, the education became easily achievable both for men and women, and the reading society started to grow. At the end of the century, the number of printed books has beaten all the records. Still, it did not take long, as the modern devices started to appear. In Are Books Becoming Obsolete essay, we are going to analyse whether the situation changed so critically that today there is no need in printing books and it’s enough to have .txt and .pdf formats of books. Printed Books vs E-books: Who Will Survive? In a technological world where electronic devices have already become an inevitable part of our lives, and the problem of printed books drives even more attention. Will books disappear or they will last forever? Do we actually need to print books if people do not buy them but read their electronic versions? These are not the easiest questions to answer, but they worth consideration. Book lovers will admit that extinction of printed books is impossible. However, many will state that printed books will disappear soon, as today electronic devices can easily replace them. Both of them have a point. Millions of people all over the world will give everything for a new printed edition of their favourite novel whilst millions of people will prefer to buy Kindle version on Amazon. The opinions about the future of books in the digital age differ, and each side has powerful arguments. Book lovers will prove that one of the better feelings is when you buy a new book, touch the pages, and feel the smell. There is some magic in all this indeed. This magic makes us buy books even though we may download them online. They have an answer to the question are printed books a thing of the past, and that is no. There are many collectors among the book lovers, and for them printed editions is a business. Advantages and Disadvantages of Papers and Electronic Books Those who prefer electronic gadgets would say that the future of printed books is determined. They will not disappear totally, but their number will reduce significantly. They do believe that in the age of technology books are obsolete as it is more convenient to use only one gadget in order to: carry all information, download books, read books, make bookmarks, have Wi-Fi access, etc. Besides, e-books are less harmful to nature, especially when it comes to deforestation problem. During can eBooks replace paper books debate, it may seem that printed books should disappear, but the truth is that e-books also have a huge number of disadvantages. First of all, they are more harmful to health. This problem becomes even more severe is a person uses not e-books, but smartphones and laptops for reading. Another argument is that people and kids perceive information better by reading printed books, not the electronic ones. Electronic books do reduce the reading comprehension, so if we try to answer the question should eBooks replace textbooks in schools, the answer would be no. Moreover, the studies show that kids get more distracted when using e-books and remember less information than when they read printed ones. Therefore, parents should still give preference to the printed books rather than to electronic ones. Will eBooks replace printed books in the future? It is still a huge question. But taking into consideration all pros and cons of printed and electronic books, we may come to the conclusion that their number may and should reduce, but electronic books should not totally replace printed ones, especially when it comes to education and kids. In this printed books vs ebooks essay, we covered the basic arguments that traditional book lovers and gadget admirers use, made use of the studies conducted by scientists, and this information helped us to become a little bit closer to giving the answer to the main question. Printed books should exist, and e-books should exist as well, as both of them have their advantages and disadvantages, lovers and haters.

Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Frankenstein - 1111 Words

Coleridge s Rime of the Ancient Mariner tells the story of an ancient mariner who kills an albatross and brings upon himself and his ship s crew a curse. The ancient mariner travels the world, unburdening his soul, telling his story to whomever needs to hear it. Shelley alludes to the poem several times. Robert Walton in Frankenstein is similar to the Wedding Guest from Rime of the Ancient Mariner, with Victor Frankenstein playing the role of the mariner. As the mariner feels compelled to share his story to one who needs to hear it, so does Victor. The explicit theme in Rime of the Ancient Mariner, that love conquers all, is a clue as to how the tragedy that occurs in Frankenstein s life could have been avoided. Mary†¦show more content†¦The very deep did rot: O Christ! That ever this should be! Yes, slimy things did crawl with legs Upon the slimy sea (Coleridge pt. II, st. 9). This quote shows The Mariner s outlook on nature in the beginning of the poem. The Mariner refers to the creatures of the sea as slimy things, which obviously has a negative connotation. However, once Coleridge teaches his character the lesson of the inherent beauty in nature, the Mariner learns that all creatures are beautiful. In Shelley s piece, which also has this theme, it seems that Frankenstein really never learns this lesson, while the creature does seem to grasp this concept. I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts (Shelley 79). This quote shows Shelley s theme of how devastating the consequences can be for one single unthinking act. Obviously, Victor s single unthinking act was his creation of the creature. When he made this creature, there is no way that he thought he would kill two of his closest loved ones, and later kill more. However, it happened and Shelley is showing us how devastating the effects can be. Similarly, in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The Mariner also suffers for a single, unthinking act. His act was the killing of the albatross. He paid for it in more than one way. First, he was sent to a Life-in-Death, then after heShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner 1131 Words   |  5 Pagesin Frankenstein and The Rime of The Ancient Mariner Henry Wadsworth once said: â€Å"Every man has his secret sorrows which the world knows not; and often times we call a man cold when he is only sad.† Such untold sorrows are what plague two very distinct characters in two very distinct works of literature. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein tells of Victor Frankenstein’s torment as he is plagued by his creation; Samuel Coleridge’s The Rime of The Ancient Mariner is the sinister tale told by a mariner burdenedRead MoreSimilarities Between The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner And Frankenstein1458 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, it has similarities to Frankenstein with structure. In Frankenstein, through careful reading, it is shown how The Rime of the Ancient Mariner has influenced Mary Shelley’s novel. The structure of both the novel and the poem are situated similarly. As well as the end of the novel is similar to the poem. The structure of Frankenstein is laid out to follow The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Also the poem has significance to each character in the novel, Walton his loveRead MoreEssay on Comparison: Frankenstein The Rime of the Ancient Mariner1680 Words   |  7 Pagestale upon the wedding-guest, make narration itself fundamental (as it is in Frankenstein)† (Dr. Michael Rossington) Therefore, this essay will talk about the different narrators found in both literary works and its narrative structure. Mary Shelley and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are two recognized writers of the Romantic era. The influence of Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere is reflected in Shelley’s Frankenstein in terms of narrative structure, literary techniques and themes. For exampleRead MoreThe Mysteries Of Udolpho, Frankenstein, And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1249 Words   |  5 Pagesfall fashions and the propriety of social actions? Pre-dash, the elements of Gothic fiction permeate and resonate throughout the Romantic era and are included in analysis of many such fiction and prose. The Mysteries of Udolpho, Frankenstein, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, etc. display said aspects and can be considered works of true Gothic horror. Emily St. Aubert (from Udolpho) acts in the Gothic fashion when, examining the secret chambers of the deceased Marchioness, she witnesses the supernaturalRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1634 Words   |  7 Pagespublication in 1818, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has been translated into over 28 languages and sold millions on millions of copies (Anonymous). The immense popularity largely stems from the novel’s connections to literary schools of criticism and several other written pieces. Specifically, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein intertwines with feminist criticism and directly compares to the Genesis creation story, as well as Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† When on the topic of feministRead MoreThe Romantic Movement Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein, And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1909 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein: Romanticism The novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, demonstrates many different romantic ideals such as, the adoration of nature, extreme location, nationalism and exaggeration of emotions. The romantic movement was in response to the reason and logic dominated enlightenment era. Frankenstein, contrary to the enlightenment, demonstrates romanticism through glorifying one’s feelings and straying from the classroom towards nature. Shelley’s ideals paralleled that of: Edmund Burke, JeanRead MoreContent and Theme of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Rivaled to Samuel Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner974 Words   |  4 PagesContent and theme of Frankenstein rivaled to Rime of the Ancient Mariner English novelist Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and English poet Samuel Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner share very closely tied themes respectively in their own literary worlds. Through both novel and poem, in the eyes of each Victor Frankenstein and the Mariner three themes recur within. Knowledge, Frankenstein is addicted to knowledge in younger pursuits. The Mariner is cursed on the spread of knowledge of hisRead MoreCompare and contrast the Frankenstein novel and Coleridges rime of the ancient mariner in terms of narrative voice, theme and literary techniques1558 Words   |  7 Pageswriters are unique in many ways. The profound influence of Coleridges The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere is reflected in Shellys Frankenstein in terms of narrative structure, themes and literary techniques. This essay will compare and contrast the Frankenstein extract and the poem, The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere in three aspects, namely the narrating voice, the themes and the literary techniques used. In the Frankenstein passage, Victors creation, the creature, is the narrator. Here, a framedRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Coleridge and his friend, William Wordsworth, put together a collection of their work called Lyrical Ballads. It contained Coleridge’s famous poem Rime of the Ancient Mariner. This collection is widely recognized as the initiation of the shift towards modern poetry and British Romantic literature. Although the poem’s deliberate use of antiquated language differed from romantic poetry’s use of modern languageRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1669 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and â€Å"The Rime of The Ancient Mariner† there are many instances where metacognitive thinking and knowledge are discussed and presented. The word metacognition comes from the root word meta whic h means beyond. The word metacognition can take many forms including knowledge and when or how to use certain strategies to learn or be used to solve problems. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein we see metacognitive thinking throughout mainly through victor and the creature

List of French to English False Cognates

One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. However, there are also a great many faux amis, or false cognates, which look similar but have different meanings. This is one of the biggest pitfalls for students of French. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.This alphabetical list (newest additions) includes hundreds of French-English false cognates, with explanations of what each word means and how it can be correctly translated into the other language. To avoid confusion due to the fact that some of the words are identical in the two languages, the French word is followed by (F) and the English word is followed by (E).Fabrique (F) vs Fabric (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fabrique (F) is a factory. De bonne fabrique means good workmanship.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fabric (E) is equivalent to tissu or à ©toffe. When speaking fi guratively, e.g., the fabric of society, the French word is structure.br/>Facilità © (F) vs Facility (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facilità © (F) means ease, easiness, ability, or aptitude.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facility (E) is a semi-false cognate. It usually refers to a structure that serves a particular function, although it can mean easiness, aptitude, etc.Faà §on (F) vs Fashion (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faà §on (F) means way, as in voilà   la faà §on dont il procà ¨de - this is the way he does it. It can be translated by fashion when it is synonymous with way or manner, as in à   ma faà §on - in my fashion / my way.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fashion (E) is a style or custom, usually in clothing: mode or vogue. For all of you apple pie eaters out there, now you know that à   la mode really means in fashion.Facteur (F) vs Factor (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facteur (F) is a semi-false cognate. In addition to factor, it can mean postman, mailman, or maker - un facteur de pianos - piano maker.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Factor (E) un facteur, un à ©là ©ment, un indice.Fastidieux (F) vs Fastidious (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fastidieux (F) means tedious, tiresome, or boring  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fastidious (E) means attentive to detail or exacting: minutieux, mà ©ticuleux, tatillon.br/>Fendre (F) vs Fend (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fendre (F) means to split or to chop.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fend (E) is se dà ©brouiller, to fend off means parer or dà ©tourner.Figure (F) vs Figure (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Figure (F) is a semi-false cognate. It is the French word for face, but can also refer to an illustrated or mathematical figure.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Figure (E) refers to numbers chiffres as well as to the form of a persons body: forme, silhouette.File/Filer (F) vs File (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  File (F) is a line or queue. Filer (F) means to spin (e.g., cotton or thread) or to prolong.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  File (E) can refer to une lime (as well as the verb limer), un dossier, or un classeur (and the v erb classer).Film (F) vs Film (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Film (F) refers to a movie.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Film (E) can mean un film as well as la pellicule.Finalement (F) vs Finally (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finalement (F) means eventually or in the end.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally (E) is enfin or en dernier lieu.Flemme (F) vs Phlegm (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flemme (F) is an informal word for laziness. Its commonly used in the expressions avoir la flemme (Jai la flemme dy aller - I cant be bothered to go) and tirer sa flemme - to loaf about.br/>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phlegm (E) la mucosità ©.Flirter (F) vs Flirt (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flirter (F) may mean to flirt or to go out with/date someone.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flirt (E) is flirter or, informally, draguer.Fluide (F) vs Fluid (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluide (F) can be a noun: fluid, or an adjective: fluid, flowing, flexible. Il a du fluide - He has mysterious powers.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluid (E) means fluide or liquide.Fond (F) vs Fond (E)     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fond (F) is a noun: bottom or back.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fond (E) is an adjective: to be fond of - aimer beaucoup, avoir de laffection pour.Football (F) vs Football (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football (F) or le foot, refers to soccer (in American English).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football (E) le football amà ©ricain.Forcà ©ment (F) vs Forcefully (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forcà ©ment (F) means inevitably or necessarily.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forcefully (E) can be translated by avec force or avec vigueur.Forfait (F) vs Forfeit (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forfait (F) is a fixed, set, or all-inclusive price; a package deal; or, in sports, a withdrawal.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forfeit (E) as a noun indicates un prix, une peine, or un dà ©dit.Formation (F) vs Formation (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formation (F) refers to training as well as formation/forming.br/>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formation (E) means formation or crà ©ation.Format (F) vs Format (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Format (F) means size.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Format (E) as a noun refers to prà ©sentation; as a verb it means formater or mettre en forme.Formel (F) vs Formal (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formel (F) usually means categoric, strict, or definite, but may be translated by formal in linguistics, art, and philosophy.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formal (E) officiel or cà ©rà ©monieux.Formidable (F) vs Formidable (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formidable (F) is an interesting word, because it means great or terrific; almost the opposite of the English. Ce film est formidable  ! - This is a great movie!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formidable (E) means dreadful or fearsome: The opposition is formidable - Lopposition est redoutable/effrayante.Fort (F) vs Fort (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fort (F) is an adjective: strong or loud as well as a noun - fort.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fort (E) refers to un fort or fortin.Four (F) vs Four (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four (F) is an oven, kiln, or furnace.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four (E) quatre.Fourniture (F) vs Furniture (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fourniture (F) means supplying or provision. Its from the verb fournir: to supply or provide.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furniture (E) refers to meubles or moblier.Foyer (F) vs Foyer (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foyer (F) can mean home, family, or fireplace as well as a foyer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foyer (E) is un foyer, un hall, or un vestibule.fraà ®che (F) vs fresh (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fraà ®che (F) is the feminine form of the adjective frais, which means both fresh and cool. So this tends to be problem for native French speakers, who often translate boissons fraà ®ches as fresh drinks, when what they really mean is cool drinks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fresh (E) frais, rà ©cent, nouveau.Friction (F) vs Friction (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friction (F) can refer to a massage in addition to friction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friction (E) la friction.Fronde (F) vs Frond (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fronde (F) is a sling, slingshot, or catapult; a revolt; or a frond.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frond (E) une fronde or une feuille.Front (F) vs Front (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Front (F) means front as well as forehead.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Front (E) le front or avant.Futile (F) vs Futile (E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Futile (F) can mean futile but is more likely to be frivolous or trivial.br/>  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Futile (E) is nearly always translated by vain.

Types of Reinforcement Free Essays

People have been using the theory of reinforcement even though they have not properly studied this theoretical concept. They have been employing this theory to strengthen the response for a particular stimulus or environmental event (Huitt and Hummel). Reinforcement theory generally states that the frequency of eliciting the same response will likely increase if it is followed by a reinforcer. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Reinforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The probability of repeating the same behavior in the future is dependent on what occurs after the individual engages in that behavior (Malala, et al. ). There are four types of reinforcement. Each type of reinforcement is distinguished by the kind of stimulus presented after the response. In positive reinforcement, for instance, a positive stimulus is presented after a certain response to increase the frequency of that response of behavior (Malala, et al. ,; Huitt and Hummel). The positive stimulus usually comes in the form of rewards. Positive reinforcement has been used in school settings to reinforce positive attitude towards studying. For example, academic awards such as medals and certificates are given to students who excel academically or in a certain field such as sports. While the previous example used a tangible positive reinforcer, it could also be intangible. To cite an example, according to Kobus and her associates (48), the praise, support, and encouragement of teachers and significant others (e. g. , parents) motivate grade school students to work hard and increase their self-efficacy (i. e, confidence in one’s capability). Positive reinforcement has often been used by parents as well. They reward their children with a reinforcer such as money for their hard work in school or for cleaning their room. The concept has also been applied by companies for their employees. Salary increase and promotion, for example, are awarded to hardworking employees for their outstanding performance. On the other hand, in negative reinforcement, the reinforcer, which is something negative, is withdrawn after the response. Repetition of this phenomenon will increase the occurrence of the response. This is usually observed when a person wants to avoid the negative reinforcer (Huitt and Hummel). For instance, children obey the house rules so that their parents will not get mad at them. In this example, the negative reinforcer is the anger of the parents while the response is the obedience of children. At work, employees meet their requirements and deadlines to avoid being reprimanded by their boss. Most people think that negative reinforcement and punishment is the same, which is a misconception. While negative reinforcement elicits a positive response due to the removal of the negative reinforcer after the response, punishment lessens the frequency of a response or behavior by presenting a negative stimulus after the response (Huitt and Hummel). Punishment has been used at home, in school, and in the workplace. For example, at home, parents ground their children when they do not come home at the time agreed. In school, punishment is imposed to discipline students. A simple example of this is reprimanding noisy students for disrupting the class. Punishment has been a system adopted in schools in the form of disciplinary policies where punishment for specific types of school offense are indicated (Gaustad 3). In the workplace, an example of punishment could be reducing the salary of employees when they do not report to the office without filing a leave. As punishment, they will not be paid for the days they did not come to work. The fourth type of reinforcement is extinction. In extinction, the frequency of a response or behavior is weakened when the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is removed (Huitt and Hummel). To cite an example, in the field of psychology, extinction learning has been used in treating disorders such as anxiety disorder. The goal of the treatment is to extinguish fear by teaching the patients that the stimulus they fear no longer results in harmful consequences (Anderson and Insel 319). For instance, the patient is exposed to a previously feared event associated with an unpleasant outcome to get him or her accustomed to the event until he or she does not fear it anymore. Extinction can also occur in a corporate setting. When a company stops giving bonuses to hardworking employees, they may lose motivation to work hard, resulting in a decline in productivity. Based on the examples stated earlier, it could be concluded that reinforcement affects the behavior of individuals, children and adults alike. Reinforcement can either increase or decrease the frequency of a certain behavior depending on the stimulus or reinforcer presented (or removed) after the behavior. Hence, it could be inferred that behavior can be modified according to the pleasantness of the reinforcement that can be experienced for doing a certain behavior. For example, an individual’s positive or desired behavior can be maintained with positive or negative reinforcements, while his negative or unwanted behaviors can be extinguished through punishment or extinction. How to cite Types of Reinforcement, Papers

Egyptian Poetry Essay Example For Students

Egyptian Poetry Essay Poetry is the art of crafting beautiful words into something tangible that expresses the authors meaning. For most poetry, this entails using different literary devices and elements to enrich the language of the poem. These help to portray the Image the author wants to share with their audience, while making the poem something that Is beautiful. Throughout poetrys history, different authors have utilized different devices In order to achieve this ultimate poetic goal. Ancient Egyptian poetry, for example, employed several different methods. From their love poetry to their elisions hymns, Egyptian poetry was eloquent and beautiful. This enabled it to withstand the test of time and still be recognized thousands of years later. By examining the literature of Ancient Egypt, we can better understand and appreciate the beauty of poetic devices and how they make poetry last for generations. Egyptian poetry consists of several different genres, each utilizing different methods to bring their poetry to life. The first we will examine, religious poetry, is filled with Imagery that brings the mystical to reality. In the glorious Hymn to the Sun ND the Elided Hymns, Imagery plays a crucial role. The poems are filled with pictures of another world, a fantastical one that Is unknown to the Egyptians. A beautiful picture Is painted of the world of the gods, Illuminating something that can not visibly be seen. These poems are so effective at striking awe into the hearts of men due to the incredible view that they put before us. For this reason, these poems are still well-known thousands of years later. Although these poems were written on a grand scale, they are also linked back to the reality that the Egyptians knew. For example, in the Hymn to the Sun by Generate, the image he paints of the underworld is connected to reality by its link to the Nile Rivers . The poem brings the tangible world to connect with the fantastical world of the gods. By using this literary device, the author enables us to envision his dream world as reality. It Is not so completely far-fetched that we cannot suspend our disbelief. Another genre of Egyptian poetry that we can examine Is that of love poetry. Although It shares a few things In common with religious poetry, these love poems mind their strength in their reliability. Unlike the religious poetry, the love poems of the Egyptians do not paint a beautiful picture of a world we only see in our imagination. Rather, they tell us a story that we can relate to. These poems seem almost like diary entries, as they are filled with all of the passion, wonder, and truth that comes from love. Some of them are not as serious as others, which also lends to their reliability. T he poems find their strength in being normal, as opposed to being fantastical like the religious poetry. One of the reasons which causes these poems to last for so long is the timelessness of the stories they share. Like mentioned earlier, they almost seem Like journal entries. These love poems are very personal thoughts of real individuals both men and women. They share simple, honest stories of what love Is really like, from simple crushes to flirtation and beyond. These stories translate well Into efficiently. Although these two genres of Egyptian poems are so different, they share the ability to communicate well. The love poems utilize the normal and true to reach their audience, while the religious poems paint a brilliant picture of a world unknown to us, while connecting it to the reality that we do know. By using these methods, the authors of these poems are able to connect with their audience and communicate their stories. Authors throughout the ages have utilized these and many other methods to communicate their vision to their audience. By using these techniques, the Ancient Egyptians made their poetry accessible to generations upon generations of people.